1965-bloody legacy of Stalinism

The Indonesian military coup of October 1-2, 1965 was the result of an operation that has long been carefully planned by the CIA and the military commanders who were trained by the U.S. military.

During the year 1965 disputes between classes increases. That year began with farmers seize ownership of large landowners and workers in enterprises of rubber and oil reserves owned by U.S. occupation action. President Sukarno has included military generals, led by General Nasution, and the leadership of the PKI into the cabinet to suppress this movement.

The PKI leadership managed to suppress the actions of the occupation, but the mass movement was becoming increasingly difficult to control. Anger growing mass Sell 23 farmers, with a penalty of 15 to 20 years, on charges of beating an army officer to death in defending themselves against a military operation to stop acts of land confiscation in Sumatra.

On the night of 30th September 1965, the CIA orchestrated provocation implemented. A group of middle officers, which at least one has a close connection with Suharto, detain and kill the army commander Lieutenant-General Ahmad Yani and five other top-level generals, and announced the formation of a Revolutionary Council.

The round up of the generals did not include two important people. The first was Suharto, who at the time was commander of the Army Strategic Reserve Command, composed of elite soldiers of the army. The rebels, led by Lieutenant-Colonel Luckily not the slightest attempt to capture or attack Suharto's command center in Jakarta, although he has the ability to implement this. Defence Minister, General Nasution, also escaped. He said as potential victims of this rebellion, but it can save themselves magically.

Fortunately, this is a revolt by a fake. Within 24 hours of Suharto could defeat the rebels, almost without a shot being fired, and took over control of the capital, backed by Nasution.

At the end of the week, which was formed by Suharto's command clears all pockets of resistance, and implement anti-communist massacre of the largest in history orchestrated by the U.S. Embassy and the CIA. Pentagon and CIA, which at that time was already fighting an undeclared war in Vietnam, Indonesia was determined to drown the revolution in blood.

U.S. diplomats and CIA officers, led by U.S. Ambassador to Indonesia, Marshall Green, working with carpenters, butchers Suharto to exterminate every member and supporter of the PKI is known.

In preparation for this coup, U.S. officials have spent at least two years to make these death lists provided to the armed forces with clear instructions: kill them all. Suharto's Son-fruit was ordered to report back on any number of killings have been carried out so that the names of their victims can be matched with names on the lists.

Some U.S. officers say the following-as well as recently what happened. "That was a big help to the army," said a former political officer at the U.S. Ambassador in Jakarta, Robert Martens. "They may kill many people and I might have blood on my hands, but that's not all bad."

"Sometime you have to strike hard at the right time."

Martens led the CIA and officials at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the U.S. embassy, which from the year 1962, compiled a detailed anyone who sat in the leadership of the PKI. That includes the names of PKI members of committees at the provincial, city and other local and union leaders, labor unions supported the PKI, and union-union women and youth.

The operation was masterminded by former CIA director William Colby, who at the time was director of CIA's East Asia Division, and with it being responsible for directing U.S. covert strategy in Asia. Colby said that seeking knowledge on PKI leadership was a workout for the Phoenix program in Vietnam, which attempted to exterminate supporters of the National Liberation Front in the late 1960s.

Colby admitted that checking the names on the lists of death was regarded as so important that it was overseen by the CIA's intelligence directorate in Washington. "We conclude that the treatment is cruel like that, PKI has experienced a major setback."

Deputy CIA station chief described with undisguised relish how hidden Suharto's headquarters in Jakarta provided the U.S. embassy report on the roundup and killing of PKI leaders. "We get a good account in Jakarta of who was covered. The army had a 'shooting list' of about 4.000 up to 5.000 people.

"They did not have enough troops to destroy them all, and some individuals were valuable for interrogation. The basic framework of their organization has collapsed almost immediately. We know what they're doing. We know that they will save some for their pretended courts, but Suharto and his advisors say if you keep them alive, you have to feed them. "

All this is done with the approval of the Green, which after it was sworn in as U.S. ambassador to Australia, where he played an important role in the dissolution of the Whitlam government in 1975.

At least one million people slaughtered in the six months that followed the coup. This is the estimate of a group of graduates of the University of Indonesia which is ruled by the army itself to inquire into the expansion of these killings.

Instigated and assisted by the army, youth groups from Muslim organizations and right wing doing the mass killings, especially in Central Java and East Java. There are reports that the Brantas River near Surabaya to be full of bodies up in certain places the river is "unstoppable corpse." Another report says that at Batu in East Java were so many killed in the small courtyard at a police station there until the bodies were buried under the cement.

On the island of Bali, which before was considered a stronghold of CPI, at least 35.000 people were affected at the beginning of 1966. There the Tamin, an elite commando Sukarno's Indonesian National Party, was the perpetrator killings. A special correspondent of the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung told of the corpses by the roadside or dumped into the excavation, excavation and about half of the villages were burned where farmers do not dare to leave their homes skeletons that have been charred.

In other areas, the defendants were forced to kill their friends to prove their loyalty. In big cities hunting-hunting anti-Chinese place. Workers and government employees who went on strike in protest over the events of this counter-revolutionary fired.

At least 250,000 workers and peasants were imprisoned in concentration camps. It is estimated that approximately 110 000 people still imprisoned as political prisoners by the end of 1969. Executions are still carried out till now, including several dozen since the 1980s. Recently, four prisoners, Johannes Surono Hadiwiyino, Safar Suryanto, Simon Peter Sulaeman and Norbertus Rohayan, sentenced to death nearly 25 years after the coup, a clear sign that the resurrection of the Suharto regime still scare Indonesian proletariat and poor peasants.

Stalinist betrayal deepens

When hundreds of thousands of PKI members and supporters were hunted down and slaughtered, the PKI leadership and colleagues in the Kremlin, Beijing and the Communist Party of Australia (CPA) recommends PKI cadres, workers and peasants to not fight back, giving the green light for military generals to conduct mass executions.

The Stalinist deepened their reactionary positions that require people to subordinate their interests to the national bourgeoisie and Sukarno, which was used by Suharto as a puppet president, and for the armed forces.

On October 1, 1965, Sukarno and the PKI Aidit secretary-general responded to the formation of the Revolutionary Council by the "rebels" with the move to the Halim Air Force Base in Jakarta to seek protection.

On October 6, Sukarno called on people to create "national unity", namely the unity between the armed forces and the victims, and the cessation of violence. The Political Bureau of the Central Committee immediately urged all Party members and mass organizations to support the "leader of the Indonesian revolution" and not against the armed forces. This statement was reprinted in the newspaper CPA named "Tribune":

"After reviewing the appeal to the Supreme Commander of the armed forces of the Republic of Indonesia, the Indonesian revolutionary leader, President Sukarno, the Political Bureau of the Indonesian Communist Party Central Committee expressed full support for the appeal and appeals to all committees and party members and supporters, as well as revolutionary organizations mass led by members of the PKI to enable the implementation of this appeal. "

Meanwhile, Sukarno, "the leader of the Indonesian revolution", is working with the military repression was hoping to save his own neck. He ordered the extermination of all who are considered thoroughly involved in the "event" September 30 (the alleged coup attempt led by Colonel Lucky), and allowing the roundup and killing of PKI leaders. On October 15, he inaugurated the Suharto as army commander.

Five months later, on March 11, 1966, Sukarno, Suharto gave unlimited power. He ruled Suharto to take "appropriate steps" to restore order and to protect the personal safety and authority. Unlimited power was first used by Suharto to ban the PKI. In recognition of his services, was retained as titular president Sukarno's military dictatorship until March 1967.

The PKI leadership continues to demand that the masses to the authority of Sukarno and Suharto's regime. Aidit, who had fled, was captured and executed by the army on November 24, but his work continued by the Second Secretary True PKI. In an interview with a Japanese newspaper correspondent he emphasized:

"PKI is only recognized one head of state, supreme commander of one, a great leader of our revolution - President Sukarno ... President Sukarno to unite all the forces that will decide the fate of the people of Indonesia."

All members, Njoto, must "fully support the orders of President Sukarno and promised to implement all of that without a doubt ... we are trying to Party in all its ability to prevent a civil war."

In other words, while the carpenters, butchers military and their CIA advisers are not only the systematic liquidation of the PKI leaders, but also to sections of Indonesian society's most class-conscious, PKI cadres ordered them not to fight.

Bankruptcy and the decay theory of "two-stage" Stalinist, who insisted that people had to tie their fate to Sukarno and the national bourgeoisie can not be spelled out more clearly.

Betrayal of the PKI and supported by the Stalinist bureaucracies in Moscow and Beijing. The Kremlin blamed elements of the "rebels" and "adventurers" in the PKI for the defeat and called repeatedly for "unity" of the Indonesian revolution in his NASAKOM Sukarno.

On October 12, 1965, the leaders of the Soviet Union, Brezhnev, Mikoyan and Kosygin sent a special message to Sukarno: "We and our colleagues happy to hear that your health has improved ... We heard with great interest about your speech in radio to all the Indonesian people to remain calm and avoid the chaos ... This call will be understood in depth. "

In a Intercontinental Conference in Havana in February 1966, representatives of the Soviet Union tried with all their ability to avoid the condemnation of terror counter-revolution that is happening to the people of Indonesia. Establishment of praise they get from the Suharto regime. The Indonesian parliament passed a resolution on February 11, expressed "full recognition" for his efforts as representatives from Nepal, Mongolia, the Soviet Union and other countries at the Conference of Solidarity with the States of Africa, Asia and Latin America, which successfully neutralized efforts of the counter-revolutionary movements of so-called Sept. 30, and the leaders and their protectors, to mixed-hand in the domestic affairs of Indonesia. "

Similarly, the treachery of the Stalinist was very clear to parliament this military junta pet can say that the events arranged by the CIA on September 30 as an attempted counter-revolutionary!

The Stalinist in Beijing also wash their hands of the fate of the people of Indonesia. They even went to Jakarta for the World Conference against foreign bases and stand by without protest as their comrades from Indonesia were included in the conference room.

Military preparations begin

In 1956 the Indonesian army, with U.S. endorsement, have started their preparations for a military dictatorship to suppress the popular movement. In August, the West Java regional military commander ordered the arrest of the Minister for Foreign Affairs Ruslan Abdulgani on allegations of corruption. In November, Deputy Chief of the armed forces, Colonel Zulkifli Lubis, attempted unsuccessfully to seize control of Jakarta and overthrow the Sukarno government. The next month, there was a military coup in the Central and North Sumatra.

Sukarno in October 1956 to strengthen its position against the people and calm the armed forces by calling on political parties to disband. This call was later extended to an attempt to establish a National Council that includes all parties, including PKI, to rule the country. When the heads of military regions rejected the plan, and to take power of their provinces, Sukarno declared a state of emergency. Finally, the cabinet "non-party" newly formed, including two followers of the PKI.

As a reaction to the mass upsurge in December 1957, the U.S. imperialism immediately stepped up operations. The CIA has been active since the 1940s, spending millions to subsidize the elements of pro-American in the national bourgeoisie, especially the Indonesian Socialist Party, led Sumiro, colleagues Hatta, and the larger Islamic allies, led by Masyumi Syarifuddin Prawiranegara, with whom Hatta also has a close relationship.

Throughout the years 1957 and 1958 a series of rebellions secessionist and right-wing, aided by the CIA erupting on the island of Sumatra and the petroleum-rich Sulawesi, where PSI and Masyumi have dominant effect.

The first is Permesta military rebellion that began in March 1957 and lasted until the year 1958, which ended with a coup attempt supported by the CIA in February 1958.

United States Government provides substantial financial support, military advisers, weapons and a small air force consisting of bombers B-26, piloted the bases in Taiwan and the Philippines. U.S. Secretary of State openly even provide support for the rebels this right-wing. Carriers from the U.S. seventh fleet was sent to Singapor and when it seemed United would be direct intervention in Sumatra with a reason to protect employees and the Owner-Owner Caltex Oil.

The Indonesian military command had decided that the rebellion, failed to win mass support, must be stopped. Sukarno survived.

However, the armed forces become stronger. Over the next six years, the U.S. pours money into it, laying the foundation that allowed Suharto to start his climb to power after leading a military operation to take over West Papua in 1962.

Between 1959 and 1965 the United States provides $ 64 million in military aid to visual generals of the Indonesian military. According to reports in the Indonesian Youth Voice: "Before the end of 1960, the United States has equipped 43 battalions of the armed forces. Each year, U.S. military officers trained right-wing. Between 1956 and 1959, more than 200 high ranking officers have been trained in U.S., and hundreds of low-ranking officers are trained every year. Head of the Agency for International Development in America once said that U.S. aid, of course, not to support Sukarno and that the U.S. has trained a large number of army officers and civilians who would form Indonesian military units to create a "free country".

At the same time, Sukarno was running a system of "Guided Democracy" him. In July 1959 parliament was dissolved and Sukarno set a constitution under a presidential decree - once again with the full support of the PKI. He strengthened the hand of the armed forces by raising the generals of the military to important positions.

CPI welcomes "Guided Democracy" Sukarno with a warm and assuming that he has a mandate for the alliance between the conception of nationalism, Islam and communism, called NASAKOM.

In pursuit of their national front with Sukarno and the national bourgeoisie, the PKI leaders create illusions are very dangerous in the armed forces.

Only five years before the bloody defeat that happened to the workers and peasants at the hands of the armed forces, political directives stated by the leadership of the PKI SOBSI, trade union federation led by the PKI, in a statement on International Labor Day in May 1960:

"SOBSI enforce that the armed forces of the Republic was still a child of the revolution of the people ... and with that of the officers down to their subordinates and to the soldiers ... they will not engage in actions that betray the Republic. In addition, the president Sukarno, who sided with the people, have a great influence upon the leaders of the armed forces and he was not willing to be a military dictator. "

Colonial expropriation for centuries

Colonial Dutch colonized Indonesia for 350 years without mercy, plundering its natural, open the large plantations and extort people are cruel.
In 1940 there was only one doctor for every 60,000 people (compared to India, where the ratio is 1:6,000) and 2.400 graduates from high school. At the end of the Second World War, 93 percent of Indonesia's population is still illiterate.

At the beginning of the Nineteenth century, the development of the British bourgeoisie increasingly challenging the dominance of the Netherlands over this area. In 1800 the Dutch East Indies Company became bankrupt and the British take over the territory between the years 1811 and 1816. In 1824, the Treaty of London (London Agreement) dividing the region between them: the British got control over the bay of Malacca and the Netherlands remain master of the Indonesian archipelago.
Beginning of the Twentieth century, the new American imperialism began developing a challenge for the European colonial powers, especially after the occupation of the Philippines by the United States in the year 1898.

The United States is engaged in a trade war with the Dutch over oil and rubber. Standard Oil Company began to contest the monopoly of oil mining areas in Indonesia by the Royal Dutch company. In 1907, Royal Dutch and Shell merged to combat competition from the U.S.. Taking advantage of the situation of the First World War, Standard Oil began drilling in Central Java, and in the same year, U.S. companies began to master the rubber plantations. Goodyear Tyre and Rubber plantations open them and open the U.S. Rubber rubber plantations under single ownership of the largest in the world.

U.S. strategy in this area as it can be summarized by Senator William Beverage:

"The Philippines are ours forever ... and beyond the Philippines are an infinite Chinese market. We will not retreat from both. We will not abandon our responsibilities in the islands. We will not abandon our responsibilities in East Asia. We will not abandon our part in the mission of our nation, the belief in God, for civilization in this world ... we will go forward working ... with gratitude ... and gratitude to our Almighty God because He has chosen we as elected people, henceforth to lead in the regeneration of the world ... Our largest trade henceforth must be with Asia. North Pacific is our ocean ... and the Pacific is the future of sea trade. The power that rules the Pacific, is the strength conquer the world. And with the Philippines, that power is and will always be the American Republic. "

The rise of Japanese imperialism and its expansion into Korea, Manchuria and China lead to confrontation with U.S. imperialism on the mastery of these areas, which rose and erupted in the Pacific War in World War II. Japanese bourgeoisie's desire to usurp the authority of U.S., French and Dutch brought the importance of Indonesia, as a gateway to the Indian Ocean and Southeast Asian natural resources, into focus.

In 1942 the Dutch colonialists handed power over Indonesia to Japan, than to allow the Indonesian people fighting for independence. All the imperialist powers have good reason to fear that the oppressed people of Indonesia.
So far in 1914 the best representatives of the Indonesian workers have taken the teachings of Marxism when the Social Democratic Association Indies (Indies Social Democratic Association) was formed with the initiative of a Dutch communist Hendrik Seventieth. In 1921 it changed to the Indonesian Communist Party in response to the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia.

PKI gain great authority among the people by leading the struggle against Dutch colonialism, including large movements of the first in Java and Sumatra in 1926 and 1927.
When the Chinese people are moving in a second Chinese Revolution in 1926-27, the workers and peasants, Indonesia is also engaged in a rebellion, led by the PKI. However, the Dutch colonial authorities managed to quell the revolts. They arrested 13,000 suspects, imprisoned and exiled 1.308 to 4.500 in a concentration camp in West Irian. The PKI was banned.

The National Liberation Struggle Betrayed

At the end of the Second World War the oppressed peoples in Indonesia, India, Sri Lanka, China and throughout Southeast Asia and the world moves forward in the revolutionary struggle to liberate themselves from imperialism.
At the same time, the working class in Europe and capitalist countries entered the struggles that convulse. It can only be extinguished through can't be leaved Soviet bureaucracy led by Stalin and the Stalinist parties worldwide. Betrayal of workers of France, Italy and Greece are primarily, and the establishment of regimes that are controlled by bureaucratic imperialism in Eastern Europe allowed to establish itself.

In the 1930s, the emergence of a privileged caste in the Soviet Union, which usurped political power from the Soviet proletariat, had destroyed the Communist parties. From the revolutionary internationalist parties, they turn into organizations of counter-revolutionary, suppressing the independent struggles of the working class.
In colonial countries, the Stalinist parties, including PKI, people systematically subordinated to the national bourgeoisie, led by figures such as Gandhi of India and Sukarno in Indonesia, which sought to reach settlements with the colonial powers to maintain capitalist power.

Agreements after the Second World War did not produce a true national liberation from imperialism, but the charge to the people of new agents of imperialist powers. This is the case in Indonesia where the national bourgeoisie, led by Sukarno, entered into treaties with the Dutch reactionary.
Sukarno, the son of a Javanese school teacher who comes from an aristocratic family, is a graduate architect, part of a very thin layer of the petty-bourgeois who is educated. He is chairman of the Indonesian Nationalist Party was formed in 1927 and suffered imprisonment and exile at the hands of the Dutch for national independence.

In the Second World War, Sukarno and the national bourgeoisie in collaboration with the Japanese occupation forces in the hope of getting a kind of national independence. In the final days of the war Sukarno, with the support of half-Japanese, declared an independent Republic of Indonesia on August 17, 1945.
Landing the leaders of the national bourgeoisie is not to lead a proletarian movement against imperialism, but to establish an administration and strengthen their position in bargaining with the Netherlands, which had no troops in the area.

But the Dutch reaction is waging a ruthless to suppress this new regime. They were ordered to remain in Indonesia under Japanese command until British troops could arrive. England and Japan and then use the Japanese soldiers to the ferocious resistance of the workers, youth and farmers of Indonesia. That way, all the imperialist powers united against the people of Indonesia.
When armed resistance broke out across Indonesia against the Dutch army, Sukarno, with the support of the PKI leadership, pursued a policy of compromise with the Netherlands and entered into in March 1947 Linggarjati. Dutch formally recognized Indonesian control over Java, Madura and Sumatra, and agreed to retire their troops. But in reality, the Dutch only use this as an opportunity to take a breath and strengthen and prepare for an attack on the brutality unparalleled in July and August 1947.

During this time, hundreds of thousands of workers and peasants joined or supported the PKI because they lost confidence in the bourgeois leaders and because they viewed the PKI as a revolutionary party. They were also inspired by the advances of the Communist Party of China Mao Tse Tung in the war against Chiang Kai-Shek. In the war against the Dutch, the workers and peasants occupied the land and the buildings repeatedly and mass trade unions was formed.

To cope with these developments, the reign of Sukarno, led by Amir Syarifuddin who was then Prime Minister (also a member of a secret PKI), signed the Renville Agreement in January 1948 (so called because it was signed on board the USS Renville). This agreement gives the Dutch power over half of the sugar factories in Java, 75 percent of Indonesian rubber, coffee plantations 65percent, 95 percent of tea and oil plantations in Sumatra. Moreover, the settlement which is mentioned diimposisi by the U.S. withdrawal of troops from guerrilla-controlled areas of the Netherlands and creating conditions for the dissolution of the "people's armed units", led by the PKI, and to the establishment of "National Armed Forces of Indonesia" led by Sukarno and his generals.

In 1948 a strike action against the Republican government, now headed by right-wing Vice-President Hatta as Prime Minister, demanding a parliamentary government. This action put out by Sukarno, who appealed for the creation of "national unity".
At the same time, the PKI leader Musso formerly exiled, returned from the Soviet Union and some important leaders of the Socialist Party of Indonesia and the Indonesian Labor Party stated that they were members of the PKI secret for years. This statement shows the base of support for PKI, which is much larger than previously estimated by the imperialist powers.

In the month of July 1948 the bourgeois leaders, including Sukarno and Hatta secret meetings with U.S. representatives at Bentham where the U.S. demanded, as payment of aid to government procurement hunting PKI members in the armed forces and government employees. Hatta, who also was Minister of Defence, was given $ 10 million to conduct a "red-hunting"
Two months after that in an attempt to destroy the PKI, Madiun done in Java. Some army officers, members of the PKI, was killed and others disappeared, after they opposed plans to disband the guerrilla units of armed forces who are on the front lines of war against the Dutch.

These killings caused a rebellion in Madiun in a bloody repressed by the regime of Sukarno. Prime Minister Hatta declared emergency law. Thousands of PKI members were killed, 36,000 imprisoned and PKI leader Musso and 11 other prominent leaders were sentenced to death.
U.S. Consul-General Liver good cabled his superiors in the U.S. that he had told Hatta that "this crisis gave Republican government the opportunity to demonstrate his determination to suppress communism."

to be Bigs his heart because of anti-communist pogrom, the Dutch launched a new military offensive in December 1948, Sukarno was arrested. But the widespread resistance forced the Dutch to surrender within six months.
Even so, the 1949 Round Table conference in The Hague charged the new betrayal-a betrayal of the people of Indonesia, involving concessions larger than the Indonesian bourgeoisie.

Sukarno's government agreed to take over the debts and ensure the protection of the colony's capital for the Dutch. The Dutch had West Irian and the Republic of Indonesia still have to work together with the Dutch imperialists in the Netherlands-Indonesian Union. The Sukarno government retains the colonial laws. New army was formed by combining the Dutch soldiers from Indonesia into the "National Army". In other words, apparatus and old colonial laws retained beneath the protective cover of parliamentary government in the new republic.

The PKI leadership supported the betrayal of the national liberation struggle and try to limit the working class and peasantry to struggle to a peaceful and "democratic". This was a continuation of the PKI's position during World War II when the leadership of the PKI (Communist Party of the Netherlands) following the directives of Stalin to cooperate with the Dutch against the Japanese imperialists and called for a "Commonwealth of independent Indonesia in the Netherlands". It remains a political PKI although during the struggle after the Second World War against the Dutch.

To the people of Indonesia, falsehoods "independence" under the domination of imperialism, the Netherlands, America and the world that goes more into focus. Natural results, key industries, plantations and financial power retained by foreign companies.
For example, 70 percent of sea traffic between the islands is still held by the Dutch company KPM and one of the largest Dutch bank, Netherlands Handel Maatschappij, holds 70 percent of all financial transactions of Indonesia.

According to the calculation of the Indonesian government, in the mid-1950s, the Dutch capital in Indonesia worth around $ U.S. 1 billion. Sukarno's government declared that even if they wanted to nationalize the Dutch possessions, they did not have enough money to indemnify the former colonial rulers. And to nationalize without compensation is communism.
Distrust of the people reflected in the 1955 elections when the number of seats held by the CPI increased from 17 to 39.
Within two years the mass movement would erupt in the seizure of factories, plantations, banks
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