Beauty Of indonesian lifestyle

Beauty Of indonesian lifestyle culture

Indonesia has a very diverse life styles. There are many rich people, and at the same time there are poor people too. In big cities, like Jakarta, you will find big houses which may be more expensive than houses in Beverly Hills. (The land itself is so expensive, as if there is gold underneath.) In slum areas, you will see homeless people live on the street. In street intersection you will see beggars going from car to car begging for money.

Most brochures talk about the beauty of Indonesia. This site will document everything; the good, the bad, and the ugly. You deserve the truth.

In this new update I add more good things about Indonesia, since many readers suggested that I should not leave out many good things. I hope, now, it is more balanced. I added more pictures and will add more in the future (a friend lent me his digital camera for those pictures. I wish I have one of my own. Want to donate a digital camera?).

The Famous Indonesian Quotes

“Yes, indeed, our principle, is indeed that a nation can only stand firmly, that a nation can achieve independence, that a nation can defend its freedom, that a nation can build a just and prosperous society, first of all only by its own power. Hay, Indonesian People ! We get assistance from the new emerging forces. We get assistance from several countries in our struggle to build our State, in our struggle for the liberation of West Irian, in our struggle to build a just and prosperous society, we get assistance, assistance, assistance, simpathy, simpathy, simpathy, but don’t forget, that only a nation who stands on its own strength can become a great nation. Even more so, if this assistance doesn’t exist, do not be discouraged. If this assistance doesn’t exist, don’t be down-hearted. Strengthen ourselves ! Because only a nation who strengthens itself, can become a strong nation. “Innallaaha la yughayyiru ma biqaumin hattaa yughayyiru ma bianfusihim.” God will not change the fate of a nation if that nation itself does not change its own fate !”
Soekarno. Istana Negara, Jakarta, 20 Mei 1962.

In memoriam 110th birthday of Ir. Ahmad Sukarno/Kusno Sosrodihardjo (East Java June 06, 1901 - Jakarta June 21, 1970).

Ir. Sukarno (Indonesians also remember him as Bung Karno or Pak Karno) was Indonesia’s first President from 1945 to 1967 (Official Indonesian presidential decrees from the period 1947–1968). He was replaced by one of his generals, Soeharto, and remained under house arrest until his death. (go to wikipedia.org to read the complete text).

Big nation is a nation which respects on their heroes services. (1945)

This country, the Republic of Indonesia, does not belong to any group, nor to any religion, nor to any ethnic group, nor to any group with customs and traditions, but the property of all of us from Sabang to Merauke! (1945)

Nationalism means the rebuilding of our nations.
Nationalism means the efforts to provide equal esteem to our peoples.
Nationalism means the determination to take the future into our hands. (1956)

History of Bromo Mount

History of Mount Bromo
In mountainous regions in Tengger, we know of Mount Batok, sea sand, and the famous crater of Mount Bromo. Apparently they got the origin and history in the form of legends.

Before Rara Anteng married Joko Seger (See post before this), many men who fancies. Understandably, as the Goddess of beauty is very natural. Among the candidate, there is Kyai Bima, criminal magic. Rara Anteng can not simply reject the proposal. He accepted it with reservations, Kyai Bima make sea on the mountain and was completed overnight.

Kyai Bima undertakes these requirements and work hard to dig the ground to create a sea of using shell (shell) that mark until now a Mount Bathok, and sea sand (ocean wed hi) widely spread around the peak of Mount Bromo. To irrigate the sea of sand, built a giant well, the scar is now a crater of Mount Bromo.

Rara Anteng anxious to see the supernatural power and recklessness Kyai Bima. He soon find a way to thwart the interests of Kyai Bima on him. He also hits hard corn as dawn, when a still night. Hearing the sounds of pounding corn, chickens and crows wake. So did birds. Kyai Bima shocked. Mistaken for dawn. His job is not finished. Kyai Bima Climbing Hill then left. He left the signs:
1.Segara Wedhi, the sand beneath Mount Bromo
2.Mount Batok, ie, a hill located south of Mount Bromo, shaped like a shell that against.
3.Heap land spread in the area of Tengger, namely: Mountain-bull's shoulders, Mount Ringgit, Mount Linga. Mount Gendera, and others.

Readings seconds proclamation Manuscript

Negotiations between groups of young and old groups in preparing the text of the proclamation of Indonesian independence took place at 2:00 to 4:00 a.m. in the morning. Text of the proclamation was written in the dining room at the Admiral Tadashi Maeda Jln Imam Bonjol No. 1. The compilers of the text of the proclamation was Ir. Soekarno, Drs. Moh. Hatta, and Mr. Ahmad Soebarjo. The concept of the text of the proclamation was written by Ir. Soekarno himself. In the front room, was present Sayuti Melik BM Diah, Sukarni and Soediro. Sukarni proposed that the text signed a proclamation that is Ir. Soekarno and Drs. Moh. Hatta on behalf of the Indonesian nation. Proclamation of Indonesian text was typed by Sayuti Melik. In the morning, August 17, 1945, at the residence of Sukarno, the East 56th Street efflux have attended, among others Soewirjo, Wilopo, Gafar Pringgodigdo, Tabrani and Trimurti. The event began at 10:00 with the reading of the proclamation by Sukarno and spliced a short speech without text. Then the flag, which had been sewn by bu Fatmawati, flown, followed by a speech by Soewirjo, deputy mayor of Jakarta at the time and Moewardi Hospital, chairman of the Cordon Pioneer.

Trimurti initially asked to raise the flag but he refused on the grounds pengerekan flag should be performed by a soldier. Therefore, it instituted a Hendraningrat Latief, a soldier of PETA, assisted by Suhud for the task. A young woman emerged from behind a tray of Red and White (Sang Saka Merah Putih), which was sewn by Fatmawati few days earlier. After the flag waving, singing Indonesia Raya audience. [4]. Until now, the inheritance flag is still stored in the Museum Monument National Monument.

After the ceremony took place, approximately 100 members, led Barisan S. Brata Pioneers came in a hurry because they do not know where the sudden change from the Pegangsaan Ikada. They are demanding Sukarno repeated readings of the Proclamation, but refused. Finally Hatta gave brief message to them. [Five]


On August 18, 1945, Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI) make a decision, approved and set the Basic Law (Constitution) as the basis of the Republic of Indonesia, hereinafter known as the Constitution 45. Thus, the State Government formed the shape of the Unitary Republic of Indonesia (Homeland), with sovereignty in the hands of the people who carried out entirely by the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) to be formed later.

After that Sukarno and M. Hatta was chosen upon the recommendation of Oto PPKI Iskandardinata and approval of the president and vice president of the Republic of Indonesia first. President and vice president will be assisted by a National Committee.

Proclamation of Indonesian Independence

Proclamation of Indonesian Independence Friday, August 17, 1945 Year of CE, or August 17, 2605 by year of Japanese is read by Ir. Sukarno, who was accompanied by Drs. Hatta East 56th Street Pegangsaan Central Jakarta.

On August 6, 1945 an atomic bomb was dropped on the Japanese city of Hiroshima by the United States which began to demoralize the spirit of the Japanese army in the world. A day later the Board of Inquiry Enterprises BPUPKI Preparation of Indonesian Independence, or "Dokuritsu Junbi Cosakai", renamed PPKI (Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence), or also called Dokuritsu Junbi Inkai in Japanese, to further emphasize the desire and the goal of achieving the independence of Indonesia. On August 9, 1945, a second atomic bomb dropped over Nagasaki, causing the Japanese surrendered to the United States and its allies. This moment is also used by Indonesia to declare independence.
August 17th Indonesian flag raised 1945.jpg

Sukarno, Hatta, as lead manager and Radjiman PPKI Wedyodiningrat as the former chairman of BPUPKI flown to Dalat, 250 kilometers northeast of Saigon, Vietnam to meet Marshal Terauchi. They reported that Japanese troops are on the verge of defeat and will provide independence to Indonesia. Meanwhile in Indonesia, on August 14, 1945, Sutan Syahrir have heard the news over the radio that Japan had surrendered to the Allies. Underground fighters preparing to declare independence, and rejected the independence of Japan were given as gifts.

On August 12, 1945, Japan by Marshal Terauchi in Dalat, Vietnam, told Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman that the Japanese government will soon give independence to Indonesia and the proclamation of independence can be carried out within a few days, depending on how the PPKI. [1] Nevertheless Japan wants the independence of Indonesia on August 24.

Two days later, when Sukarno, Hatta and Radjiman return to homeland of Dalat, Sutan Syahrir urged Sukarno declared independence immediately due to consider results of meetings in Japan Dalat as a ruse, because every time Japan had to surrender to Allies and to avoid a split in nationalist stronghold, between the anti and pro-Japanese. Syahrir Hatta told about the results of the meeting in Dalat. Sukarno did not believe that Japan had surrendered, and the proclamation of independence when it may cause great bloodshed, and can have fatal consequences if Indonesian fighters were not ready. Soekarno Hatta reminded that Syahrir not entitled to declare independence because it is the right of Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (PPKI). Meanwhile Syahrir consider PPKI are bodies made in Japan and the proclamation of independence by PPKI only a 'gift' of Japan (sic).
Indonesian flag raising witnesses 17 August 1945.jpg

On August 14, 1945 Japan surrendered to the Allies. Army and Navy of Japan was still in power in Indonesia because Japan has promised to restore power in Indonesia in the hands of the Allies. Sutan Sjahrir, Wikana, Dervish, and Chaerul Saleh heard this news through the BBC radio. After hearing rumors of Japanese going to his knees, the young faction faction urged parents to immediately proclaimed Indonesia's independence. But the older group did not want to rush. They do not want bloodshed at the time of the proclamation. Consultation meetings were conducted in the form PPKI. Young Group does not approve the meeting, considering PPKI is a body established by the Japanese. They want freedom for our nation's own efforts, not giving the Japanese.

Sukarno and Hatta went to the military rulers of Japan (Gunsei) to obtain confirmation at his office in Koningsplein (Merdeka Square). But those empty office.

Sukarno and Hatta together and then to the office Soebardjo Bukanfu, Rear Admiral Maeda, at Jalan Medan Merdeka Utara (Maeda House on Jl Imam Bonjol 1). Maeda welcome them with congratulations on their success in Dalat. As he answered he had not received a confirmation and are still awaiting instructions from Tokyo. After the Maeda, Sukarno and Hatta immediately prepare a meeting of the Preparatory Committee of Indonesian Independence (PPKI) on August 16 at 10 am the next day at the office Pejambon Road No. 2 to discuss all things related to the preparation of the Proclamation of Independence.

A day later, the turbulent pressure that requires the takeover of power by Indonesian youths waged rapidly escalated from a few classes. PPKI Meeting on August 16 at 10 am was not implemented because the Sukarno and Hatta did not appear. Meeting participants did not know had happened Rengasdengklok events.

Ancient Age

Epidemic around 3000 BC 500 BC immigrants until now Mongol (mainland China) began living in the archipelago.

Around 200 BC the kingdom of Kalinga epidemic of India losing the war opponents kingdom of Ashoka, a descendant of the migration-ming Child Archipelago so Added nang kingdoms of the earth kingdom Salaknegara between Nusantara, the kingdom of Maharaja Kudungga sing lead, Kutai kingdom, the kingdom of Kalinga lyy.

Indian Prince Aji Saka is one immigrant that one know with language Sanskrit alphabet Palawa, that epidemic around 78 AD Sanskrit writing system Dewanagari uga know base, so that make embryo base.

make population of the archipelago is the assimilation of immigrants until now two regions (China with India).

Age of the Dutch East Indies

In the days of the Dutch East Indies, Surabaya residency status as the capital of Surabaya, whose territory also includes the area that is now the region Gresik, Sidoarjo, Mojokerto and Jombang. In 1905, Singapore received the status of municipality (a town). In 1926, designated as a provincial capital Surabaya, East Java. Since it was developed into a modern city of Surabaya, the second largest in the Dutch East Indies after the Batavia.

Before the year 1900, the central city of Surabaya only revolves around Red Bridge only. Until the 1920s, new residential growth areas such as Darmo, Gubeng, Sawahan, and Ketabang. In the year 1917 built a modern port facility in Surabaya.

Dated February 3, 1942, the Japanese dropping bombs in Surabaya. In March 1942, the Japanese captured Singapore. Surabaya later became an Allied air attack on May 17, 1944.

History of Indonesian Names

In ancient times, the islands of our homeland is called by various names. In a note Tionghoa archipelago nation we named Nan-hai (the South Sea Islands). Various ancient records of India named the archipelago nation Dwipantara Islands (Land Opposite) name derived from the Sanskrit word Dwipa (island) and between (outside, opposite). Valmiki Ramayana story of a famous poet that tells the search for Sprott, Ravana kidnapped Rama's wife, came to Suwarnadwipa (Island of Gold, which is now Sumatra) located in Dwipantara Islands.

Arabs called our homeland Jaza'ir al-Jawi (Javanese Islands). Latin name for frankincense is benzoe, derived from the Arabic luban jawi (frankincense of Java), because Arab traders obtained from incense trees Styrax sumatrana who once grew only in Sumatra. To this day pilgrims we still often called "Java" by Arabs. Even though people outside Java, Indonesia. Samathrah, Sholibis, Sundah, kulluh Jawi (Sumatra, Sulawesi, Sundanese, Javanese everything), "said a trader in the Market Seng, Mecca.


Then came the time of arrival of the Europeans to Asia. European nations who first came to assume that Asia was only composed of Arabs, Persians, Indians and Chinese. For them, the area stretching between Persia and China, everything is "Indian". South Asian peninsula they called "Ocean Front" and mainland Southeast Asia was named "Rear Indies." While we get the name of homeland "Indian Archipelago" (Archipel Indies, the Indian Archipelago, l'Archipel Indien) or "East Indies" (Oost Indies, East Indies, Indes Orientales). Another name used is "Malayan Archipelago" (Maleische Archipel, Malay Archipelago, l'Archipel Malais).

When our country colonized by the Dutch, the official name used is the Nederlandsch-Indie (Dutch Indies), while the government used the term occupation of Japan from 1942 to 1945 To-Indo (East Indies). Eduard Douwes Dekker (1820-1887), known by the pseudonym of Multatuli, never proposed a specific name for the islands to mention our homeland, namely Insulinde, which means also "Indian Archipelago" (the Latin insula meaning island). But apparently my name is now popular Insulinde. For the people of Bandung, Insulinde probably just known as a bookstore that ever existed on the Road Otista.

Indonesian Names

Name of Indonesia In 1847 Singapore's scientific magazine published an annual, Journal of the Indian Archipelago and Eastern Asia (JIAEA), which is managed by James Richardson Logan (1819-1869), the Scots who took a law degree from the University of Edinburgh. Then in 1849 an expert in ethnology of the British nation, George Samuel Windsor Earl (1813-1865), incorporating itself as a magazine editor JIAEA. In 1850 JIAEA Volume IV, pages 66-74, Earl wrote an article "On The Leading Characteristics of the Papuan, Australian and Malay-Polynesian Nations. In his article was Earl asserts that it was time for the people of the Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago to have a unique name (a Distinctive name), because the Indian name is not appropriate and is often confused with the mention of another Indian. Earl filed two options name: Indunesia or Malayunesia (nesos in Greek means island). On page 71 the article was written:

.. The inhabitants of the Indian Archipelago or Malayan Archipelago would Indunesians or changed from Malayunesians respectively.

Earl himself has said choosing a name Malayunesia Islands (Malays) than Indunesia (Ocean Islands), because Malayunesia perfect for races Malays, while Indunesia can also be used to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) and Maldives (Maldives). Besides, says Earl, is not Melayu language used throughout the archipelago? In his writing was Earl's use of the term and did not use the term Malayunesia Indunesia.

In Volume IV JIAEA also, pages 252-347, James Richardson Logan wrote the article The Ethnology of the Indian Archipelago. In early writings, Logan also stated the need to name specific to the islands of our homeland, because the term "Indian Archipelago" is too long and confusing. Logan picked up a discarded Indunesia Earl, and the letter u replaced with the letter o to his words better. Thus was born the term Indonesia. For first time the Indonesian word appeared in the world with 254 pages of printed text on Logan:

Mr. Earl suggests the term ethnographical Indunesian, but Rejects it in favour of Malayunesian. I prefer the purely geographical term Indonesia, Which is merely a synonym for the Shorter Indian Islands or the Indian Archipelago.

As proposed the name "Indonesia" Logan seems unaware that in the future name would become a national and state population in fourth biggest on earth!

Since then Logan has consistently used the name "Indonesia" in scientific writings and use of this term is slowly spreading among the scientists field of ethnology and geography. In 1884 a professor of ethnology at the University of Berlin, named Adolf Bastian (1826-1905) published a book Indonesien oder die Inseln des Malayischen Archipel five volumes, containing the results of his research when it wandered into our homeland in 1864 until 1880. Bastian's book is a popularized the term "Indonesia" among the Dutch scholar, so that could arise assuming that the term "Indonesia" Bastian's creation. Opinion that is not true that, among others listed in Encyclopedie van Nederlandsch-Indie in 1918. Yet Bastian adopted the term "Indonesia" was from the writings of Logan.

Son of the motherland which first Use name "Indonesia" is Suwardi Suryaningrat (Ki Hajar Dewantara). When the exhaust to Holland in 1913 he established a bureau of the press with a Press-bureau Indonesische

the Kings of Majapahit

Here is a list of rulers of Majapahit. Notice that there is a gap between administration Rajasawardhana period (ruler of the 8th) and Girishawardhana possible succession crisis caused by the Majapahit royal family broke into two groups.

1. Raden Wijaya, styled Kertarajasa Jayawardhana (1293 - 1309)
2. Kalagamet, styled Sri Jayanagara (1309 - 1328)
3. Sri Gitarja, styled Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi (1328 - 1350)
4. Hayam Wuruk, styled Sri Rajasanagara (1350 - 1389)
5. Wikramawardhana (1389 - 1429)
6. Suhita (1429 - 1447)
7. Kertawijaya, styled UB I (1447 - 1451)
8. Rajasawardhana, styled UB II (1451 - 1453)
9. Purwawisesa or Girishawardhana, styled UB III (1456 - 1466)
10. Bhre Pandansalas, or Suraprabhawa, styled UB IV (1466 - 1468)
11. Bhre Kertabumi, styled UB V (1468 - 1478)
12. Girindrawardhana, styled UB VI (1478 - 1498)
13. Hudhara, styled UB VII (1498-1518

Majapahit

Majapahit was an ancient kingdom in Indonesia that had stood from 1293 until around the year 1500 AD This kingdom reached the peak of its power during the reign of Hayam Wuruk, who ruled from 1350 until 1389.

Majapahit kingdom was the last Hindu-Buddhist kingdom that controls the Malay Peninsula and is considered as one of the largest state in Indonesia's history. Its influence extended in Java, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaya, Borneo, the Sulu Archipelago, Manila (Saludung), to Eastern Indonesia , although still disputed territory.

Glory of Majapahit

Hayam Wuruk, also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in 1350 until 1389. At the time Majapahit reached the peak of its power with the help mahapatihnya, Gajah Mada. Under the command of Gajah Mada University (1313-1364), Majapahit control more territory. In 1377, several years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit attack by sea to Palembang, causing the collapse of the remnants of Sriwijaya.

According Nagarakertagama stanza XIII-XV, the Majapahit kingdom covering Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, Papua, and some islands of the Philippines [13]. However, natural and economic constraints showed that the areas of power does not seem to be under centralized power of Majapahit, but connected to one another by a trade that might be monopolized by the king. Majapahit also has a relationship with Campa, Cambodia, Siam, southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even send His emissary ambassador to China.

The establishment of the Kingdom of Majapahit history

After Singhasari Sriwijaya away from Java overall on year 1290, Singhasari become the most powerful empire in the region. This to the attention of Kublai Khan, ruler of Dynasty Yuan in China. He send envoy named to the Chi Meng Demanding Singhasari tribute. Kertanagara, Singashari ruler the latter refused to pay tribute and embarrass envoy those with damage face and bypass ear. Kublai Khan was angry and then expedition dispatch great to Java in 1293. At that time, Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, was killed Kertanagara. On the advice of Aria Wiraraja, Jayakatwang give clemency to Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara-law, who came to surrender. Raden Wijaya then given the woods Pull. He opened the forest and built a new village. The village was named Majapahit, whose name is taken from maja fruit, and taste "bitter" from these fruits. When the Mongols arrived, Wijaya allied with the Mongol army to fight Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya Mongolnya ally turns against forcing them withdraw from a chaotic because they are in foreign territory. It was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds to be able to go home, or they would have had to wait another six months on a foreign island. The exact date of which is used as date of birth of the Majapahit empire, Raden Wijaya was the day of coronation as king, that on November 10, 1293. He was crowned with the official name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. The kingdom was facing problems. Some people trusted Kertarajasa, including Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi rebelled against him, though the revolt did not succeed. Slamet Muljana mahapati Halayudha guess that was the conspiracy to overthrow all of the king, so he can reach the highest positions in government. However, after the death of the last rebel (Kuti), Halayudha arrested and jailed, and then sentenced to death. Wijaya died in 1309. Wijaya's son and heir, Jayanegara, is the master of evil and immoral. He dubbed Gemet Kala, meaning "weak villain". In 1328, Jayanegara killed by tabibnya, Tanca. Her stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni should replace him, but Rajapatni choose resigned from the palace and become a preacher woman. Rajapatni pointed Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi daughter to become queen of Majapahit. During the reign Tribhuwana, Majapahit kingdom grew into larger and more famous in the area. Majapahit Tribhuwana mastered until her death in 1350. He was succeeded by his son, Hayam Wuruk. Hayam Wuruk glory of Majapahit, also known as Rajasanagara, ruled Majapahit in 1350 until 1389. At the time of Majapahit reached the peak of its power with the help mahapatihnya, of Gajah Mada. Under the command of Gajah Mada University (1313-1364), Majapahit control of more territory. In 1377, several years after the death of Gajah Mada, Majapahit attack by sea to Palembang, causing the collapse of the remnants of Sriwijaya. According Nagarakertagama stanza XIII-XV, the Majapahit kingdom covering Sumatra, Malay Peninsula, Borneo, Sulawesi, Nusa Tenggara islands, Maluku, Papua, and some islands of the Philippines. However, the limits of nature and the economy shows that regions that power does not seem to be under centralized power of Majapahit, connected to one another but by the trade that may be a monopoly by the king [14]. Majapahit also has a relationship with Campa, Cambodia, Siam, southern Burma, and Vietnam, and even send-dutanya ambassador to China. After the fall of Majapahit reached its peak in the 14th century, Majapahit kingdom was gradually weakening. There appears to be a civil war (War Paregreg) in 1405-1406, between Wirabhumi against Wikramawardhana. Similarly, there has been a fight about the turn of the king in the year 1450 - an, and the great rebellion waged by a nobleman in the year 1468 [7]. In Javanese tradition there is a chronogram or candrasengkala which reads ilang kretaning earth vanished. This is said year Sengkala end of Majapahit and should be read as 0041, the year of Saka 1400, or 1478 CE. Sengkala meaning is "gone gone prosperity earth." However, the truth is illustrated by the deaths of Bre candrasengkala Kertabumi, the 11th king of Majapahit, by Girindrawardhana. When Majapahit founded, Muslim traders and the spreaders of religion had begun entering the archipelago. In the late 14th century and early 15th century, the Majapahit influence throughout the archipelago began to decrease. At the same time, a new trading empire based on Islam, the Sultanate of Malacca, began to emerge in the western part of the archipelago. Note the history of China, Portuguese (Tome Pires), and Italy (Pigafetta) indicates that there has been displacement of the Majapahit kingdom in the hands of Hindu rulers into the hands of the Duke of Unus, the ruler of the Sultanate of Demak, between the years 1518 and 1521 AD

Archipelago

In the 1920s, Ernest Francois Eugene Douwes Dekker (1879-1950), which we know as Dr. Setiabudi (he is the grandson of the brother Multatuli), popularize a name for our homeland that does not contain elements of the word "Indian". Is no other name is Nusantara, a term that has been submerged for centuries. Setiabudi took the name from Pararaton, Majapahit era of ancient manuscripts found in Bali at the end of the 19th century and translated by JLA Brandes and published by Johannes Nicholaas Krom in 1920.

However, it should be noted that the definition proposed Nusantara Setiabudi much different with the understanding, the archipelago of Majapahit era. During the Majapahit Nusantara used to name the islands outside of Java (in Sanskrit means between the outer, opposite) as opposed to Jawadwipa (Java).

We certainly never heard Palapa Oath of Gajah Mada, Seagrass huwus lost archipelago, isun amukti palapa "(If you have lost the islands opposite, then I enjoy the break). By Dr.. Setiabudi archipelago word connotes ignorance Majapahit era (lowliness of civilization) that given a nationalistic sense. By taking the word of the original Malays, the archipelago now has a new meaning of "homeland between the two continents and two oceans", so Java was included in the definition of a modern country. Setiabudi term of this archipelago is fast becoming popular its use as an alternative to the name of the Dutch East Indies.

To this day we use the term domestic fixed for mention our homeland territory from Sabang to Merauke. But the official name of our state and nation is Indonesia. Now we will explore where the hell the name was difficult for the tongue appears Melayu

Historiography

There is little physical evidence remains of Majapahit, and its history is not clear. The main sources used by historians is Pararaton ('Book of Kings') in Kawi language and Nagarakertagama in the ancient Javanese language. Pararaton Ken Arok (founder Singhasari) but includes several short sections on the formation of Majapahit. Nagarakertagama, is a poem written in Old Javanese Majapahit golden age under the reign of Hayam Wuruk. After that, the thing that happens is not clear. In addition, there are several inscriptions in the ancient Javanese language and historical records from China and other countries.

The accuracy of all the Java-language manuscript is disputed. There is no denying that the resources they contain non-historical elements and myth. Some scholars like C.C. Berg considers all texts rather than the past record, but have meaning in terms of the supernatural can know the future. [8] However, most scholars assume that the broad outline of these resources can be accepted as consistent with historical records from China, particularly list of rulers and royal state which appears to be quite certain.

The fall of Majapahit

After reaching a peak in the 14th century, Majapahit power gradually weakened. There appears to be a civil war (War Paregreg) in 1405-1406, between Wirabhumi against Wikramawardhana. Similarly, there has been a fight about the turn of the king in the year 1450s, and the great rebellion waged by a nobleman in the year 1468.

In Javanese tradition there is a chronogram or candrasengkala which reads ilang kretaning earth vanished. This is said year Sengkala end of Majapahit, and should be read as 0041, the year of Saka 1400, or 1478 CE. Sengkala meaning is "gone gone prosperity earth." However, the truth is described by the deaths of Bre candrasengkala Kertabumi, the 11th king of Majapahit Kingdom, by Girindrawardhana [15].
A model ship display of Majapahit in the State Muzium, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

When Majapahit was founded, Muslim traders and the spreaders of religion had begun to enter the archipelago. In the late 14th century and early 15th century, the Majapahit influence throughout the archipelago began to decrease. At the same time, a new trading empire based on Islam, the Sultanate of Malacca, began to appear on the western part of the archipelago.

Note the history of China, Portuguese (Tome Pires), and Italy (Pigafetta) indicates that there has been displacement of the Majapahit kingdom in the hands of Hindu rulers into the hands of the Duke of Unus, the ruler of the Sultanate of Demak, between the years 1518 and 1521 AD

Founding of Majapahit

After Singhasari expel Sriwijaya from Java as a whole in the year 1290, Singhasari become the most powerful empire in the region. This has become the attention of Kublai Khan, ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in China. He sent an envoy named Meng Chi to Singhasari who demanded tribute. Kertanagara, the last ruler Singashari refused to pay tribute and to embarrass those with damage envoy cut his face and ears. Kublai Khan was angry and then dispatch a large expedition to Java in 1293.

At that time, Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, was killed Kertanagara. On the advice of Aria Wiraraja, Jayakatwang give clemency to Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara-law, who came to surrender. Raden Wijaya then given the woods Pull. He opened the forest and built a new village. The village was named Majapahit, whose name is taken from the fruit of a teenager, and a sense of "bitterness" of the fruit. When the Mongols arrived, Wijaya allied with the Mongol army to fight Jayakatwang. Raden Wijaya Mongolnya ally turns against forcing them withdraw from a chaotic because they are in foreign territory. It was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds to be able to go home, or they should be forced to wait another six months on a foreign island.

The exact date of which is used as date of birth of the Majapahit empire, Raden Wijaya was the day of coronation as king, that on November 10, 1293. He was crowned with the official name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. The kingdom was facing problems. Some people trusted Kertarajasa, including Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi rebelled against him, though the rebellion was not successful. Slamet Muljana mahapati Halayudha guess that was the conspiracy to overthrow all of the king, so he can reach the highest positions in government. However, after the death of the last rebel (Kuti), Halayudha arrested and jailed, and then sentenced to death. Wijaya died in 1309.

Wijaya's son and heir, Jayanegara, is the ruler of the evil and immoral. He dubbed Gemet Kala, meaning "weak villain". In 1328, Jayanegara killed by His Doctor, Tanca. Her stepmother, Gayatri Rajapatni should replace him, but Rajapatni choose resigned from the palace and become a preacher woman. Rajapatni pointed Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi daughter to become queen of Majapahit. During the reign Tribhuwana, Majapahit kingdom grew into larger and more famous in the area. Majapahit Tribhuwana mastered until her death in 1350. He was succeeded by his son, Hayam Wuruk.

Before the arrival of the Dutch

Surabaya Majapahit Kingdom was once a gateway, ie, at the mouth of Kali Mas. Even today a city of Surabaya is set as the date of May 31, 1293. The day was actually a victory day of Majapahit troops led by Raden Wijaya against troops of Kublai Khan's Mongol empire messenger. Mongol armies who came from the sea is described as SURO fish (shark / bold) and Raden Wijaya troops who come from the land described as BOYO (crocodile / danger), so it literally means brave to face the coming danger threatens. So the victory was celebrated as the anniversary of Surabaya.

In the 15th century, Islam began to spread rapidly in areas of Surabaya. One member of the guardian sanga, Sunan Ampel, establishing mosques and Islamic schools in the area Ampel. Year 1530, Singapore became part of Demak Sultanate.

Following the collapse of Demak, Surabaya, Mataram Sultanate conquest subject: Panembahan Senopati invaded in 1598, a massive attack by extension Krapyak Seda ing in 1610, was attacked in 1614 by Sultan Agung. Blocking the flow of the Brantas River by Sultan Agung Surabaya finally forced to surrender. Year 1675, won the Madura Trunojoyo from Surabaya, but finally kicked the VOC in the year 1677.

In the agreement between Pakubowono VOC II and on 11 November 1743 handed over his command to the VOC Surabaya.

BIDING LAND IN JAVA SEA

When he awoke from his sleep, Sea Biding surprised to find himself alone on the island of Marsala. He ran towards the shore to try to meet his brothers. But no one saw, except a boat.

Biding sea can not understand why she was left alone. But he did not think his brothers tried to harm. Without thinking, he immediately boarded a boat and pedaled toward the coast of Sibolga.

But the big waves never brought Biding Sea to the land of his birth. For several days the boat waves wandered on the west coast of Sumatra. I do not know how many times he fainted from hunger and hot air. His suffering ended when his boat shipwrecked in the Land of Java, Banten area.

A fisherman who happened to see it and then help Biding Sea. In his new home, Marine Biding get good treatment. Biding Marine was happy to be with his new family. He was treated appropriately. In an instant, her presence in the village became a byword of society, mainly because of their beauty charm.

It was told, at one time the area was the arrival of a king from the East Java region. When are resting on their way, pass a pretty girl who is very beautiful like an angel from heaven, and attract the attention of the King. Because of interest, the King to find out that beautiful figure who turned out Biding Sea. Biding Enchanted Sea beauty, the king also ask for her hand.

Biding Sea reject the proposal does not deny that, until they are married. Biding Sea and subsequently brought to a kingdom in East Java.

SEA LEGEND BIDING OR Nyai Roro Kidul

Before traveling to Anchorage Quin, Sukabumi, Mystery took talking with Silalahi (40 yrs), spiritualist who will lead the ritual.
"The Legend of Queen Kidul origin derived from the Batak land is not separated from the story of Batak kings," said Silalahi began.
It was told, the trip starts from the Batak king who had two sons. Eldest son was named Teacher Tatea Moon and both are named King Isumbaon.
His oldest son, the Guru Tatea Moon has 11 children (five sons and six daughters). The fifth son named: Raja Uti, Saribu King, Limbong Mulana, Sagala King and Lau King. Meanwhile, the sixth daughter named: Biding Sea, Siboru Pareme, Paronnas, Nan Tinjo, Moon and Flowers The Pandan.
Biding the eldest daughter of the Sea has a beauty more than any other sister. He also has a friendly disposition and polite to her parents. Therefore, Biding Sea pertained most beloved child of his parents.
However, the proximity of parents to raise jealousy Sea Biding his brothers the other. They agreed to get rid of Biding Sea.
One time, his brothers facing the Sea Biding his father to take a walk to the beach Sibolga. That request was denied Teacher Tatea Moon, the Sea is considering Biding her beloved daughter. But his brothers were insistent desire, so that the father was eventually unable to resist.
On one day, Sea Biding his brothers invited a walk to the area of Sibolga. From the beach Sibolga, they then used the two fruit boat toward a small island called Pulau Marsala, near the island of Nias.
Arrive in Marsala Island, they take a walk while enjoying the beauty of the islands that are uninhabited it. Until then, do not know the intentions Sea Biding hidden his brothers who want to harm. Biding Sea is only just a willingness to follow his brothers to walk further away from the beach.
By noon, the Sea Biding feel tired until he was resting and sleeping. He had no idea when he was being negligent, then exploited the opportunity that his brothers left the sea Biding alone on the island.
On the beach, Sea Biding brothers are ready to use two boats to return to Sibolga. But one of his relatives suggested that a boat was left alone. He worried that if the two boats arrived in Sibolga will arouse suspicion. Better to just one carry, so if anyone asks say a boat was sunk by Sea Biding casualties.
But what his brothers had planned not to become a reality, because the fate decides otherwise.